When Computer was Invented

 

When Computer was Invented

 

There is no easy answer to this question because of all the different classifications of computers. The first mechanical computer created by “Charles Babbage” doesn't really resemble what most would consider a computer today. Therefore, this document has been created with a listing of each of the computer first starting with the Difference Engine and leading up to the types of computers we use today. Keep in mind that early invention that helped lead up to the computer such as the abacus, calculator, and tablet machines are not accounted for in this document.

The Word “Computer” was first used

The word "computer" was first recorded as being used in 1613 and it was originally used to describe a human who performed calculations or computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century when people began to realize machines never get tired and can perform calculations much faster and more accurately than any team of human computers ever could.

Who Invented the Computer?

The first computer that resembled the modern machines we see today was invented by “Charles Babbage” between 1833 and 1871. He developed a device, the analytical engine, and worked on it for nearly 40 years. It was a mechanical computer that was powerful enough to perform simple calculations.

Charles Babbage, an English polymath, is often thought of as “the man who invented computers”. From 1822 until his death in 1871, he designed 3 computers, but never actually constructed any of them, due to lack of funding.

In 1822 Charles Babbage started working on a Difference Engine its purpose was to computer polynomial functions. If completed it would have had some 25,000 parts, weighed 13,600 kg (15 short tons) and been 2.4 m (8 ft.) tall.

Between 1847–1849, Babbage created drawings for the Difference Engine No. 2, a second “computer”. Finally, In 1991, the British Science museum constructed the design from Babbage’s original plans. Amazingly, it worked! It took 6 years to build, weighs 4535.92kg (five short tons), measures 2.1 m, 3.4m, 0.5m (6’11” x 11’2” x 1’8”)  and has 8,000 parts.

What is the full form of Computer?

What is the full form of                  Computer?

 

COMPUTER

In simple word we can say that computer is an electronic device which is used for fast calculation. Some people say that, COMPUTER stands for Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research.

By the way, a computer is not an acronym, it is a word derived from a word “compute” which means to calculate. So, in simple word we can say that a computer is an electronic device which is used for fast calculation.

Computer stands for Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research. It is only a myth because first this definition does not make any sense and second when the computer was invented, they were just calculating machines which needs a lot of space for establishment.

 

A computer is a simple machine that we can program for a lot of logical and arithmetic functions, and it executes our work according to our instructions.

as the computer is not an Indian word, so many times people want to know the full form of computer, and many people know, its full form is Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research.

 

  “A computer is a general-purpose electronic device that is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations automatically. A computer consists of a central processing unit and some form of memory.”

 

           “Computer= Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU)+ Control Unit”

ALU: Arithmetical Logical Unit is used to carry out arithmetic and logical operation.

CU: Control Unit is used to change the order of operations in response to stored information.

 

Categorization on the basis of Technology

1)  Digital Computer

2)  Analog Computer

3)  Hybrid Computer

 

Categorization on the basis of Generation

1)  First Generation Computer (1946-1959): based on Vacuum Tubes.

2)  Second Generation Computer (1959-1965): based on Transistors

3)  Third Generation Computer (1965-1971): based on Integrated Circuits

4)  Fourth Generation Computer (1972-2010): based on Microprocessors

5)  Fifth Generation Computer (Present and Beyond): based on Artificial Intelligence

 

There are many types of computers available on the basis of their working areas like:

·     Super Computer

·     Work Frames

·     Personal Computer

·     Desktops

·     Laptops

·     Palmtops, etc.

 

What is the full form of CTC?

 

CTC (Cost to Company):

CTC stands for Cost to Company. It is the annual salary package of an employee. It indicates the total expenses that a company/ organization spends on an employee in a year. Now a days, most of the companies offer their salary in the form of CTC.

CTC is not the actual salary of the employee. It also includes the facilities given to the employee during the service period.

“CTC = GROSS salary + incentive + other expenses”

It is clearly that CTC is not only the salary, but it also includes many things like meal, medical facilities, phone bill, house facilities, travel allowance etc. Some companies especially large investment banks also add office space rent in the CTC package. Furthermore, if your company provides you accommodation, car, driver, etc; the value of these facilities will be included in your CTC.

 

So many of the components of your CTC are not translated into actual take-home cash and what you get in hand always remains less than your CTC.

 

What is CTC?

CTC stands for Cost to Company. It is the annual salary package of an employee. It indicates the total expenses that a company/ organization spends on an employee in a year. Now a days, most of the companies offer their salary in the form of CTC.

CTC is not the actual salary of the employee. It also includes the facilities given to the employee during the service period.

“CTC = GROSS salary + incentive + other expenses”

The Cost to Company or CTC is the amount that an employer expends in hiring the service of an employee.

Cost to Company (CTC) is a term for the total salary package of an employer, used in countries such as India and South Africa. It indicates the total amount of expenses an employer (organisation) spend on an employee for one year. It is calculated by adding salary to the cost of all addition benefits an employee receives during the service period. If an employee’s salary is Rs 500,000 and the company pays an additional Rs 50,000 for their health insurance, the CTC is Rs 550,000. Employees may not directly receive the CTC amount.

 

What is the full form of CV?

 

CV (Curriculum Vitae):

CV stand for Curriculum Vitae. It is a written overview of a person’s educational qualifications and other experiences. It is complete profile of a candidate including his full name, phone number, address, E-mail id, education qualifications, hobbies, achievements, soft skills, languages known, computer, career objective, marital status, etc. An ideal CV must not contain more than 2 or 3 A4 size pages.

There is no need to provide you photo, salary history, references and the reason for leaving previous job in the CV. These details should be provided separately to employer upon request.

In most of the commonwealth countries, Ireland and United Kingdom, CV does not contain more than 2 pages. It only includes the summary of job seeker employment history, educational information and some personal information. Some part of Asia requires photo of the applicant, date of birth and most recent salary information.

 

CV Writing Tips:

Some common suggestions or tips for writing a CV or a Resume are as follows:

Ø Match your CV or Resume to the position: Highlight your education, work experience and skill related to the job you are applying for.

Ø Keywords: Include the keywords from the job description in your CV or Resume to reflect that you are a suitable candidate for the job.

Ø Template: Use a suitable template template to structure your CV or Resume. It helps employer quickly notice or see your experience and qualification.

Ø Proofread: Thoroughly check your CV or Resume to ensure there are no spelling or grammatical mistakes.

 

Difference between CV and Resume:

Although CV and Resume both are used for same purpose but, there is a little difference between them.

Although CV and Resume both are used for same purpose but, there is a little difference between them.

Criteria	Curriculum Vitae	Resume
Layout	It contains your educational and academic information as well as teaching and research experiences, awards, honours, etc. The CV is static and doesn’t change for different positions.	It is a concise synopsis of most relevant professional experiences about the particular job for which you are applying. The Resume can be changed according to the job situation.
Length	Long (no limit for pages) it Covers your entire career including educational and academic background.	Short (only 1 or 2 pages) no particular format rule, its information only snuffles around best suit of applicant.
Purpose	It is generally used for academic positions like faculty opening internship, fellowship, etc.	It is generally used for business industry, government and non-profit jobs.

  

HISTORY AND GENERATIONS OF THE COMPUTERS

History of Computers

Computer was not made in a single day. It took hundreds of years in developing the computers you use today. 

 

When we study the many aspects of computing and computers, it is important to know about the history of computers. Charles Babbage designed an Analytical Engine which was a general computer,  It helps us understand the growth and progress of technology through the times. It is also an important topic for competitive and banking exams. 

 

Alfred is a long-time teacher and computer enthusiast who works with and troubleshoots a wide range of computing devices. 

 

The history of computers is deeply rooted in the desire by mankind to compute basic mathematical functions. These and other tasks remain the core functions of computers even today. 

 

Men actually began this quest by using readily available tools like fingers, sticks, and stones before adopting more advanced contraptions such as the abacus. Then came the Turing machine, a model computer that manipulates symbols on strips of tape to simulate algorithms. The Turing machine paved way for finite mechanical machines in the mid-1900s. 

History of computers Generation

 The word 'computer' has very interesting origin. It was first used in the 16th century for a person who used to compute, i.e. do calculations. The word was used in the same sense as a noun until the 20th century. Women were hired as human computers to carry out all forms of calculations and computations. 

 

By the past of the 19th century, the word was also used to describe machines that did calculations. The modern day use of the word is generally to describe programmable digital devices that run on electricity. 

Early History of Computer

Since the evolution of humans, devices have been used for calculations for thousands of years. One of the earliest and well-known devices was an abacus. Then in 1822, the father of computers, Charles Babbage began developing what would be the first mechanical computer. And then it 1833 he actually designed an Analytical Engine which was a general purpose computer. It contained an ALU, some basic flow chart principles and the concept of integrated memory.

 

Then more than a century later in the history of computers, we got our first electronic computer for general purpose. It was the ENIAC, which stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. The inventors of this computer were John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. 

 

And with times the technology developed and the computers got smaller and the processing got faster. We got our first laptop in 1981 and it was introduced by Adam Osborne and it was introduced by Adam Osborne and EPSON. 

 

Generations of Computers

 In the history of computers, we often refer to the advancements of modern computers as the generation of computers. We are currently on the fifth generation of computers.

Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system. There are five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along with their time period and characteristics. 

• First Generation Computers: - The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. This was when the machine language was developed for the use of computers. They used vacuums tubes for the circuitry. For the purpose of memory, they used magnetic drums. They were very expensive and only large organization was able to afford it. 

 

• 

• Second Generation Computers: - The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.

      This made the computers smaller, faster and more energy efficient. And           they advanced from binary to assembly languages. 

·       Third Generation computers: - The period of the third generation was from 1963 to 1971. The third generation computers were developed by using the Integrated Circuit (IC) technology. In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of computers of the third generation was smaller. The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat. The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low. 

 Third Generation

  ·      Fourth Generation computers: - The period 1972 to 2010 is roughly considered as the fourth generation of computers. The fourth generation computers were developed by using microprocessor technology. It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable. The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the previous generation. It became available for the common people as well.

 

Fourth Generation

• • Fifth Generation computers:- This is the present and the future of the computer world. The defining aspect of this generation is artificial intelligence.

  The period 2010 to till date and beyond, roughly considered as the period of fifth generation of computers. 

  By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on the basic of hardware only, but the fifth generation technology also included software. 

  The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity.